The display case at the Y-12 History Center is packed with treasures. There’s a box that once contained rocks and soil samples from the surface of the moon. One shelf exhibits the contents of Cold War Era “nuclear attack survival kit”, consisting of first aid supplies, canned water, and a tin of something which purports to be “multi-purpose food.”
But Ray Smith’s favorite item is hard to miss. It’s the centerpiece of the museum and greets you as you walk in the door.
“This is a replica of Little Boy,” Smith explained, resting his hand on the human-sized bomb replica. “It's the actual size of the uranium bomb that was dropped on Hiroshima.”
What You Need To Know
As the historian for the city of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Smith has come to know a lot about the history of nuclear development.
“You ask anyone now about anywhere you go, mention the words Oak Ridge and they will attach it to the atomic bomb,” he said.
They called it the “Secret City” – a town built as part of the Manhattan project during World War II.
“We have been the birth of the nuclear navy here. We've also started nuclear reactors for power. Nuclear medicine started there. Even the little touch screen on your iPhone was invented in Oak Ridge,” said Smith.
Folks in Oak Ridge are proud of their role in nuclear development – past, present and future.
“They did not want a target store to come into Oak Ridge, so they voted it out. They didn't want a racetrack,” Smith said, citing concerns about the noise.
“But they're happy to have nuclear reactors built there.”
They’re getting their wish. Today, the city is at the center of a nuclear renaissance, with at least a dozen new projects in the region and still more to come.
Scott Hunnewell is leading one of those projects. He's the vice president of new nuclear programs for the Tennessee Valley Authority – the utility company that powers much of the region.
“About 40% of our portfolio is from nuclear power. We operate seven nuclear plants at three different sites,” said Hunnewell.
The TVA is ahead of the curve. Today, nuclear power accounts for about 18% of electricity generation nationwide, but that might be growing.
The Trump Administration has gone all in on nuclear development, investing nearly $70 billion in nuclear projects in 2025. That’s $12 billion more than the previous year according to a report from the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons.
"We as a country have identified that power, the production of electricity is the limiting path to really keeping our dominance in the world,” said Hunnewell.
Increased energy demand from AI data centers and other technologies is driving an increase in demand for new energy sources.
Hunnewell thinks nuclear is part of the solution. “It's a very reliable energy source, and it's one for the long term.”
New reactors are currently in development across the country, in states like Michigan and Texas. Tennessee is at the vanguard of this nuclear renaissance. Since 2023, the state has invested $95 million into a fund to support new nuclear projects, like the nation’s first small modular reactor.
Unlike traditional nuclear reactors, which are massive and can take a decade to build, small modular reactors, or SMRs have a smaller footprint, and they can be built in factories – meaning the time it takes to build one is considerably less.
Standing in the middle of an open field, Hunnewell pointed out the boundaries of the SMR the TVA intends to build.
“This is one of our corners. If you look over to your left, where we were standing earlier, that post is the center line for the reactor building,” he said, gesturing to a signpost about half a football field away.
As it turns out, “small” is a relative term.
“Traditional nuclear power plants are about 1,000 megawatts each. A small modular reactor ranges from 50 MW to about 300 MW” said Hunnewell. He estimates the TVA could build 5 SMRs on the Clinch River site, generating up to 1,500 MW – enough to power roughly one million homes.
But not everyone is excited about the new development. If you ask Don Safer what he thinks about nuclear power, he’ll tell you there’s nothing good about it. He’s been a vocal critic of nuclear development for 40 years.
“You manage to create electricity with it. But in order to do that, you leave a trail of environmental destruction and harm. Not only environmental harm, but harm to the people who come into contact with it,” said Safer.
Research into the health effects of living near nuclear plants has been limited. Bu a 2026 Harvard Study did find a higher rate of cancer-related deaths among people living in close proximity to nuclear facilities.
Proponents of nuclear, however, say they aren’t worried.
“The waste is very well contained, is put in these steel and concrete containers for storage, and they're monitored frequently, and so we're just not concerned about that piece of it,” Hunnewell said.
That waste is another concern for Safer.
"The electricity is with us for just an instant, and the radioactive waste is with us forever,” he said.
At last count, the United States had over 90,000 metric tons of spent nuclear fuel from commercial power plants.
“We still don't know what to do with it. And it's building up,” said Safer.
“I want to stop calling it waste. It's really an asset,” Hunnewell said. “When you look at a spent nuclear fuel rod, there's still about 80% of the energy in that rod. We just have to extract that energy.”
Currently there are no nuclear recycling facilities in the U.S. Though in February, the Department of Energy awarded $19 million dollars to companies researching recycling processes.
“The money that the U.S. Department of Energy and the US government and other governments have been putting into this technology is pretty phenomenal and I have to say that it's at a time when renewable energy, things like solar energy, wind power, storage have been, I've seen them actively suppressed,” said Safer.
He sees it as a missed opportunity.
“I have grandchildren and I hate to see us destroy their world,” he said.
“We're in a time of such enormous potential, and to see it slip out of our grasp because we can't grab a hold of it, that's a frustration.”
To others, like Ray Smith, the future is nuclear.
“Oak Ridge is gonna be the center of the hub for all of the nuclear renaissance, because we understand and welcome nuclear energy into Oak Ridge,” he said.