Gov. Glenn Youngkin announced at the state capitol that Virginia and Commonwealth Fusion Systems will attempt to build the world’s first commercial fusion reactor in Chesterfield County by the early 2030s.
“We need more power and this is part of the solution,” Youngkin told the crowd on Tuesday.
Virginia is no stranger to nuclear energy. Today, about one-third of the commonwealth’s energy usage comes from large fission reactors — at Surry and North Anna — that have been around for decades. The U.S. Navy employs nuclear engineers in Norfolk to work on its submarine fleet. Universities across the state are researching nuclear and other clean energy sources. And Youngkin announced an effort this year to bring SMRs, basically small versions of the fission reactors we have today, online in the next decade.
But fusion reactors are different. They operate in a kind of inverse fashion to fission reactors, which split large, unstable molecules to harvest the energy that is stored in molecular bonds in the form of heat.
Fusion reactors take a lot of small molecules — usually abundant isotopes of hydrogen, like deuterium — and subject them to massive heat and pressure in the hopes that they’ll start smashing together and create larger molecules, converting some of their mass into heat energy in the process.
In other words, fusion reactors attempt to recreate the conditions found inside our sun.
That process produces low-level nuclear waste, which is safer and radioactive for a shorter period than the waste produced at existing nuclear facilities.
Lane Carasik, a VCU professor studying heat transfer technology for use in fusion reactors, said he’d feel safer living next to a fusion plant than a coal or natural gas plant.
“There are major environmental … concerns associated with fossil fuels that we are not addressing, and the concerns around fusion are minuscule in comparison to those,” Carasik said.
Once the fusion reaction begins, the plant would operate like a gas or fission plant — using the heat to create steam, which turns a turbine, generating electricity. Dominion Energy, which is leasing land to CFS that was previously considered for a natural gas power plant, will assist the company in that part of the process, while gaining expertise on fusion in return.
“Fusion isn’t easy,” said Alex Creely, director of tokamak operations for CFS. A tokamak is the type of fusion reactor that the Massachusetts-based company uses.
It requires complicated, expensive technology and a lot of energy to create the right conditions. The sun has gravity to help start the reaction; scientists and researchers have powerful electromagnets arranged in a the shape of a donut.
Until recently, nobody on Earth was able to create a fusion reaction that produced more energy than was put in to start it. But Creely’s confident that CFS can use new electromagnet technology to bridge the gap to commercial viability.
“We understand the science of [tokamaks],” Creely said. “And we're now combining that with a new magnet technology, which lets you build this machine smaller, more compact, more efficient and get it that step from where it's no longer a science experiment, to the point where it's a real, practical energy source that you can build.”
The magnet tech has been demonstrated. But CFS’ test reactor facility is still under construction in Massachusetts and likely won’t be ready for testing until 2027.
Carasik said that’s the barrier CFS will have to break to create a successful power plant.
“The integration of … the power conversion side of it, to the actual ‘We're generating plasma, we're maintaining plasma, we're transferring the heat to a different fluid,’ and then using that to spin a turbine. That has not been done,” Carasik said.
He said the governor and others are likely bullish on the technology because they see the need to bring more clean energy to Virginia. But even if the reactor doesn’t succeed — though Carasik said it likely will — engineers will learn a lot in the process.
“Just by building one of these and running one of them at this size will be incredibly useful to understanding how to overcome future designs of them,” Carasik said.
CFS founder Bob Mumgaard told the crowd gathered at the Capitol that the company had looked for its first location for years. Chesterfield rose to the top.
“We have a strong utility partner with Dominion, proximity to a grid interconnect, the right physical site attributes, access to the interstate and seaways and airports, customer demand for power in the region that's growing and really importantly, a strong talent ecosystem,” Mumgaard said.
Youngkin said he is excited about the 400-megawatt plant and added that it fits into his all-of-the-above energy agenda.
The governor said plants like this will one day contract directly with the commonwealth’s most energy-intensive facilities.
“I think it's a reasonable hypothesis that the growth in data centers in Virginia will very happily take the power that's generated at this point,” Youngkin said.
Victoria Higgins — who works with the Chesapeake Climate Action Network, a group opposed to Dominion’s planned Chesterfield Energy Reliability Center — said she’s excited about the fusion project, which will be located at the originally proposed site for CERC.
“We welcome creative, carbon-free energy projects when they are not being funded by ratepayers,” Higgins said on a phone call. “It’s a private investment and it’s carbon-free.”
If a direct power purchase agreement is established, that would likely protect Virginia ratepayers from the as-yet-undetermined costs of the new technology.
The plant is receiving some subsidies, according to Youngkin: The Virginia Department of Energy contributed $1 million out of “existing funds”; Chesterfield contributed $1 million for site work and pledged an additional $10 million over time; and the plant is benefiting from a sales and use tax exemption on equipment used by data centers, indoor farms and power plants.
The final timeline for the project is also undetermined, though CFS hopes for the facility to begin producing power by the early 2030s.
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Speaker of the House Don Scott Jr., D-Portsmouth jokes with Gov. Glenn Youngkin and Bob Mumgaard, CEO of Commonwealth Fusion, following a press conference announcing that Chesterfield will host Commonwealth Fusion System’s first fusion energy power plant on Tuesday, December 17, 2024 at Patrick Henry Building in Richmond, Virginia.
Shaban Athuman / VPM News
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Gov. Glenn Youngkin gives remarks as Caren Merrick, Secretary of Commerce and Trade, looks on during a press conference announcing that Chesterfield will host Commonwealth Fusion System’s first fusion energy power plant on Tuesday, December 17, 2024 at Patrick Henry Building in Richmond, Virginia.
Shaban Athuman / VPM News
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Gov. Glenn Youngkin arrives to announce that Chesterfield will host Commonwealth Fusion System’s first fusion energy power plant on Tuesday, December 17, 2024 at Patrick Henry Building in Richmond, Virginia. The proposed facility would be one of the first in the world to generate fusion power.
Shaban Athuman / VPM News
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Speaker of the House Don Scott Jr., D-Portsmouth, points at Gov. Glenn Youngkin as he presents a flag of Virginia to Bob Mumgaard, CEO of Commonwealth Fusion, after announcing that Chesterfield will host Commonwealth Fusion System’s first fusion energy power plant on Tuesday, December 17, 2024 at Patrick Henry Building in Richmond, Virginia.
Shaban Athuman / VPM News
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Gov. Glenn Youngkin presents a flag of Virginia to Bob Mumgaard, CEO of Commonwealth Fusion, after announcing that Chesterfield will host Commonwealth Fusion System’s first fusion energy power plant on Tuesday, December 17, 2024 at Patrick Henry Building in Richmond, Virginia.
Shaban Athuman / VPM News
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Gov. Glenn Youngkin winks to Speaker of the House Don Scott Jr., D-Portsmouth, after presenting a flag of Virginia to Bob Mumgaard, CEO of Commonwealth Fusion, during a press conference announcing that Chesterfield will host Commonwealth Fusion SystemÕs first fusion energy power plant on Tuesday, December 17, 2024 at Patrick Henry Building in Richmond, Virginia.
Shaban Athuman / VPM News
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Speaker of the House Don Scott Jr., D-Portsmouth, chats with Chesterfield County Board of Supervisor member Kevin Carroll, Matoaca District, following a press conference announcing that Chesterfield will host Commonwealth Fusion System’s first fusion energy power plant on Tuesday, December 17, 2024 at Patrick Henry Building in Richmond, Virginia.
Shaban Athuman / VPM News