Both like sand and being at the coast. But sometimes humans and birds find it hard to share the beach. How Audubon NC is looking to help both coexist.
WRIGHTSVILLE BEACH | The southern end of this New Hanover County beach town was a cacophony of noises on a hot June morning as the fight to find the best space and the location of loved ones saw a few ruffled feathers.
But the amicable squabbling wasn't among beachgoers searching for a way to stay cool as a heat dome descended on the Cape Fear region, but shorebirds and waterbirds jostling for space amid the sand dunes and beach areas in close proximity to some of the priciest real estate along the N.C. coast.
And that right there sums up the challenges of managing a vital nesting and roosting colony alongside a thriving and popular beach town that can see its population surge from around 2,400 full-time residents in the winter to more than 30,000 during the peak of summer.
“In many cases they’re competing for the same habitat as people, so that can be very difficult,” said Lindsay Addison, a coastal biologist with Audubon North Carolina.
That balancing act between humans and Mother Nature comes as researchers warn about the continued threats, many manmade, facing bird species across the country.
'A full-on emergency'
This spring a coalition of conservation and science groups, including Audubon, released the 2025 State of the Birds report. According to the study, about a third of all bird species nationally are considered of high or moderate concern because of declining populations.
Researchers have issued alerts for nearly 80 species of birds that are or remain despite conservation efforts in danger of eventually disappearing from the American landscape, meaning they have lost more than half of their measurable populations in the past 50 years.
“Birds tell us that we have a full-on emergency across all habitats,” said Marshall Johnson, chief conservation officer at the National Audubon Society, in a release.
Among the most at risk are shorebirds, which have seen a 33% decline since 1980, according to the report. While waterbirds have shown some improvement, they face some of the same threats that shorebirds do. Those include loss of habitat due to booming coastal development and rising sea levels tied to climate change that's causing increased flooding of important colony nesting and roosting sites, especially in sandy areas at the ends of barrier islands that are favored by many coastal bird species.
The warming of the planet from increased greenhouse gas emissions is also leading to longer and more intense heat waves, which can impact food supplies for the birds. Tropical storms also are growing stronger and bigger as ocean temperatures increase, researchers warn.
Predation from coyotes and other predators also is a constant threat. But it is human interaction with the birds that remains one of the biggest problems − although it is also the factor that can be most easy to manage.
Sharing the coast
Audubon and other groups have worked hard over recent decades to get areas favored by coastal birds, like the sandy spits near inlets, declared protected areas when the feathered friends are around. But the secret, officials say, is reinforcing that message every year through signs and the occasional gentle reminders to beachgoers, like to keep dogs away from the birds whether on or off a leash.
Looking at the big picture, Addison said most visitors to the reserve sites are very respectful of the birds' needs and the rules regarding the sanctuaries.
At the south end of Wrightsville, volunteers help keep the peace between visitors and birds. A plethora of signs and illustrations, drawn by local school students, and a rope barrier also help to reinforce the idea of keeping a safe space between the parties.
"We really don't have too many problems, and when we do one of our volunteers is generally there to talk to folks about what they should and shouldn't be doing and give them a good idea of what's going on and what they're seeing," Addison said, noting the bird steward program at the south end of Wrightsville has nearly 80 volunteers. "People really do want to be responsible coastal visitors when they come here."
Nesting shorebird season runs from March 1 through mid-September, overlapping near the tail end with the arrival of migrating waterbirds moving south from their nesting grounds in the Canadian Arctic.
Among the shorebirds still at the south end nearing the end of June are hundreds of least terns and black skimmers, mixed in with some common terns and the occasional oystercatcher, that are either still taking care of fledgling chicks or incubating eggs.
Nearby undeveloped islands, like Lea-Hutaff and Masonboro, also are popular nesting and roosting sites, and have several protected areas to help the visiting birds and visitors share the islands. Addison said the importance of these islands to the birds ongoing recovery can't be overstated, with Lea-Hutaff Island, squeezed between Figure Eight and Topsail islands in Pender County, accounting for nearly one-third of the nesting least terns in the state.
But that doesn't mean the birds can't be found outside of the posted-off areas, especially as fledglings explore their surroundings and all of the birds head to tidal areas for food and to stay cool.
"So when you're at the beach, it's really important that people don't think every bird is a seagull, so don't chase them," Addison said. "Some of them can't fly, and even if they can they really can't be wasting important energy and calories running and flying away when they're trying to feed their young or just find food for themselves."
'We can learn a lot from them'
Because of its accessibility, the south end of Wrightsville Beach is a magnet for bird watchers − and birdwatching is big business in the U.S. The recent birds report highlights findings from the 2022 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation that found total economic output related to bird watching activities is $279 billion, and birding related activities support 1.4 million jobs.
On this roasting late June day, though, there weren't many visitors of any sorts paying attention to the birds. Staying cool was the name of the game for beachgoers.
But that wasn't stopping Joanna Smothers, relaxing on her beach chair on the Intracoastal Waterway side of the sandy spit, from keeping an eye on the vocal and busy birds and offering any help to visitors who came her way.
This was the fourth year Smothers had volunteered with the bird ambassador program.
"I love it," said the Wrightsville Beach resident. "This really is one of the best ways to spend time at the beach."
Smothers added that she really enjoys observing the birds and their interactions, and when she explains their behavior to visitors they also are impressed.
She added that she really likes how the birds, while sometimes seemingly arguing with each other, learn to share the beach and embrace the diversity found within the multiple species that together call the sandy spit home − at least for a few months.
"I think we can learn a lot from them," she said with a smile.
Reporter Gareth McGrath can be reached at [email protected] or @GarethMcGrathSN on X/Twitter. This story was produced with financial support from the Green South Foundation and the Prentice Foundation. The USA TODAY Network maintains full editorial control of the work.