For the fourth year in a row, the Phenix City tributary, Mill Creek, has dangerously high amounts of E. coli in it, a fecal coliform bacteria, which indicates waters are unsafe to drink or swim in for recreation.
This summer, E.coli levels have regularly been anywhere from four to 10 times higher than what is considered healthy by the U.S. Department of Fish and Wildlife and the Alabama Department of Environmental Management guidelines, its worst 15-week streak of E. coli since at least 2021, when various organizations began taking samples.
Mill Creek is the only body of water that traverses through Phenix City. The creek ripples alongside auto repair shops, around neighborhoods, behind barbecue restaurants and beneath bridges, eventually meeting the Chattahoochee River next to the Phenix City Amphitheater. It pours into the Chattahoochee just a few hundred yards south of the famous urban whitewater courses’ crown jewel of epic waves, near Waveshaper Island, where tens of thousands of tourists venture each year.
Two nonprofit water watchdog and conservation groups, the Chattahoochee River Conservancy and Chattahoochee Riverkeeper, as well as Columbus Water Works, have taken water samples at Mill Creek. Each group has taken the sample for different reasons, and some have sampled it more often than others. All show the same consistently bad results.
Each of the group’s executive directors told the Ledger-Enquirer they have shared their results with the Phenix City Utilities Department.
Despite years of data, including this summer’s consistent streak, public outcry and help offered by the River Conservancy, the Phenix City Utilities Department has not found the source for such high levels of E.coli in Mill Creek and has not reduced contamination levels down to a safer level.
The Phenix City Utilities Department would not participate in an interview for this story due to ongoing litigation between the city, the Alabama Department of Environmental Management and the Chattahoochee Riverkeeper regarding its wastewater treatment plant, so it is unclear whether the city takes its own water samples.
Assistant City Manager Chan Gamble provided a statement saying the city is aware of the “recent reports” of elevated E. coli in Mill Creek. It takes them “very seriously,” and is “aggressively searching” for the source, he said.
He added that the city has recently made repairs to the sanitary sewer infrastructure along the creek and to “be assured that the City will continue to be vigilant in its efforts to identify any sources of elevated E. Coli and address them immediately.”
Mill Creek consistently a ‘failure’ for water contamination
The Chattahoochee River Conservancy takes samples during popular swimming recreation months, between Memorial Day and Labor Day weekend, which the group publishes on social media to inform people about where it is and isn’t safe to swim between Lake Harding and Lake Oliver.
The River Conservancy, the Riverkeeper and Columbus Water Works all use recreational water guidelines set by the Environmental Protection Agency for what is considered unsafe. The numbers used are measured in colony forming units, or CFUs. The guideline set by the EPA is no more than 126 CFU per 100mL for multiple samples or 235 CFU for a single sample.
The numbers detected this summer by Natalie Downey, the former interim director of the Chattahoochee River Conservancy, ranged from 961 CFU to 2,420 CFU, with nearly every week but two being “beyond our scope” of what is measurable. The testing materials in their lab in Columbus only allow them to test up to 2,420 CFU. The Riverkeeper’s readings allow them to go much higher, into the tens of thousands of CFUs.
“We use a black light and count the number of colony wells (in the sample),” Downey said. “We count the large and small wells and get the most probable number. Whenever we do Mill Creek’s sample, the results are glowing (from the black light).”
When it’s above 235 CFU, the River Conservancy considers that a “failure,” and “does not recommend” people to swim in the area.
The group tests 16 other sites throughout the river basin that are popular recreation areas, such as Blanton Creek, Lake Oliver Marina or near the Trade Center.
The last sample of the season, Aug. 29, showed the Trade Center, south of the flowing Mill Creek waters, “Safe to Swim” at 20.9 CFU.
Downey said she has tested Mill Creek when it’s almost dry and gets the same results.
Other water bodies sometimes fail, such as Lake Oliver Marina last week. But it’s a one-off, and not an issue in the eyes of the executive director of the River Conservancy, Mason Jarrett.
“Lake Oliver failed (last) week, and I’m not super concerned about that because it doesn’t consistently fail,” Jarrett said. “It’s not completely alarming if you see one random spike, and then it goes back to normal.”
Jarrett said animal presence in the water, birds or high rain events can cause a spike.
“It’s when we see a consistent failure from a body of water that we’re like, ok, this body of water’s not healthy,” Jarrett said.
Columbus Water Works began taking samples in Mill Creek in 2021 because the organization was made aware of the E. coli issue. Their data shows nearly identical results as the River Conservancy.
“We wanted to include Mill Creek as one of our sampling sites, because we do know that it is high in E. coli, and we wanted to have that data point,” Vic Burchfield, executive vice president of Columbus Water Works, said.
He said it’s common for urban streams to have E.coli and an area needs to be studied to understand the cause.
“You have to take a lot of samples, especially when you know that it’s happening, and make an assessment of the stream, and you would see if there is a contributing sanitary sewer problem on that stream or not,” Burchfield said. “But in some cases, it’s not a smoking gun.”
Both Burchfield and Water Works President Jeremy Cummings have offered help to Phenix City. Cummings said the group offered some mutual aid, but were told Phenix City is putting together a “game plan” at the beginning of this summer.
Downey said she’s offered to help identify the issue. She suggested the challenges on the Phenix City side seem to be funding and resources. She has sat down with Utilities Director John Spraggins, and she said he suggested it was an infrastructure issue.
Jarrett said they have never “accused” Phenix City of any wrongdoing causing the problem. They feel it is their job to simply make them aware of the persisting issue and show the data.
Phenix City Council is aiming to help resolve issues. On Tuesday, the council approved upgrades to the water water treatment plant, according to Councilmember Griff Gordy.
“We voted on three items,” he said. “ As soon as we vote, (contractors are able) to do everything they can.”
Residents concerned. Are Alabama officials’ hands tied?
The consistent, unhealthy results have frustrated Phenix City residents, some taking to ADEM to report the issues. Others have left comments on Facebook images from the Chattahoochee River Conservancy thanking them for their work.
Some have taken the Conservancy and the Riverkeeper’s data and reported the issue to ADEM, complaining about the smell and the public health issue going unresolved for too long.
“I rode across Mill Creek in Phenix City with my windows down yesterday, and the smell was unbearable,” an anonymous web complaint from July 25 sent to ADEM reads. “This is not only an environmental issue, it is a public health issue. How is it possible that this continues week after week? I believe it has gone on for years. How do I escalate this beyond this complaint?”
Shanda Torbert, a water division complaint respondent for ADEM, responded to the complaint 10 days later, pointing to the ongoing litigation between ADEM and the Water Treatment Plant.
“The Department filed a complaint in the Circuit Court of Russel County on September 13, 2024, that includes violations of the NPDES Permit and the Alabama Water Pollution Control Act. To access the file for the Phenix City WWTP, please utilize eFile (AL0022209).”
Jarrett does not believe this issue is connected to the water treatment plant.
“They’re separate,” he said. “Logistically, they couldn’t be the same.”
ADEM External Affairs spokesperson, Lynn Battle told the Ledger-Enquirer that because sanitary sewer overflows are a possible source of pathogens in waterways, and there is ongoing litigation with the treatment plant that could be connected to the issues in Mill Creek, ADEM must point to the ongoing lawsuit with the water treatment plant.
Battle also said Mill Creek is technically in “good” condition per the last assessment done by ADEM in 2022. Good standing means the creek is not “impaired.”
She said their assessments encompass six years worth of data so it will be updated in 2026, even though they did take more samples in 2024.
The standards for Mill Creek testing that ADEM uses are technically classified for Fish and Wildlife, which are slightly different than EPA numbers, according to Battle.
However, the samples collected by all three groups show contamination well above both EPA and Fish and Wildlife recreation standards in the summer months. Fish and Wildlife standards change every October to permit much higher thresholds of E. Coli. The standard in the summer is stricter because “summer months are when water recreation is most likely to occur,” Battle said.
ADEM’s sampling methodology and the Fish and Wildlife bacteria criteria can be found on the agency’s website.
Another complaint on Aug. 6 reported the Chattahoochee Riverkeeper’s test results of 40,820 MPN/100mL and 27,375 MPN/100mL on July 24 and July 31. The MPN/100mL measurement calculates the most probable number to determine contamination levels, and MPN is equivalent to CFU. The EPA’s standard for safety by this measure is 235, and Fish and Wildlife’s standard is 298.
“The high (E. coli) reading can be an indicator of other pollutants or toxins in the water. The extreme readings represent a public health hazard,” the complaint said. “Is the city or ADEM doing anything to identify the wastewater leak or the source of the contamination?”
Two days later, Shanda Torbert responded with the same response, pointing to the ongoing litigation.
If the creek is considered “impaired” or no longer in good standing by the 2026 updated assessment, then ADEM would develop a Total Maximum Daily Load, reduction plan, to return to where standards are met, Battle said.